Epilepsy is a brain condition that causes a child to have recurring seizures over time. These seizures can't be linked to a short-term (acute) illness such as an infection, or a short-term injury such as a brain injury. If the cause of the recurring seizures is known, it's called symptomatic epilepsy. If the cause isn't known, it's called idiopathic epilepsy. Epilepsy is one of the most common disorders of the nervous system. It affects children and adults of all races and ethnic backgrounds. The brain consists of nerve cells that communicate with each other through electrical activity. A seizure occurs when one or more parts of the brain has a burst of abnormal electrical signals that interrupts normal brain signals. Anything that interrupts the normal connections between nerve cells in the brain can cause a seizure. This includes a high fever, high or low blood sugar, alcohol or drug withdrawal, or a brain concussion. But when a child has two or more seizures with no known cause, this is diagnosed as epilepsy. There are different types of seizures. The type of seizure depends on which part and how much of the brain is affected and what happens during the seizure. The two main categories of epileptic seizures are focal (partial) seizure and generalized seizure. Epilepsy is treated with medicine. In some cases, it may be treated with keto diet or VNS or surgery.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a brain (neurological) disorder that causes problems with normal motor function. It's a lifelong condition that affects how the brain and muscles communicate. CP affects body movement, muscle control, coordination, reflexes, posture, and balance. These problems are caused by damage to or abnormal development of certain brain areas. But many children with CP have normal intelligence. CP can range in severity, but it doesn’t get worse over time. CP doesn't get better over time either. With diagnosis and treatment, children can learn how to manage their condition. It is treated with medicines which reduce the tightness of muscles and physiotherapy.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a problem that affects a child’s nervous system and growth and development. It usually shows up during a child’s 1½ years of life. Some children with ASD seem to live in their own world. They are not interested in other children and lack social awareness. A child with ASD focuses on following a routine that may include usual behaviors. A child with the disorder also often has problems communicating with others and may not start speaking as soon as other children. He or she may not want to make eye contact with other people. ASD can keep a child from developing social skills. This is in part because a child with ASD may not be able to understand facial expressions or emotions in other people. A child with ASD may:
• Not want to be touched
• Want to play alone
• Not want to change routines
A child with ASD may also repeat movements. This might be flapping his or her hands or rocking. He or she may also have unusual attachments to objects. But a child with ASD may also do certain mental tasks very well. For example, the child may be able to count or measure better than other children. Children with ASD may do well in art or music, or be able to remember certain things very well.
Treatment includes like medicines and therapies (occupational therapy, sensory integration, ABA & speech therapy).

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavior disorder of childhood, affecting between 5 and 9 percent of children. Children with ADHD can have trouble behaving or paying attention in school due to hyperactivity or impulsiveness (a tendency to act or speak without thinking). While ADHD can be inherited, doctors do not currently know what causes some children to have ADHD.

Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions in your body’s cells that change the food we eat into the chemical compounds that keep us alive. A metabolic disorder occurs when abnormal chemical reactions disrupt the normal metabolic processes. There are many different types of metabolic disorders, but most are very rare.

When children experience migraines and other headaches, their quality of life both at home and at school can be affected. Genetically-influenced changes in the nerves and blood vessels in the head and face likely cause migraines and other headache disorders. If your child has frequent headaches, he or she may need to be evaluated and treated by a doctor.
Types of headaches include:
• Migraine
• Chronic tension headache
• New daily persistent headache
• Headaches that are symptoms of other medical conditions
Chronic tension headaches are the most common type of headache in children that leads to medical evaluation.

Neuromuscular disorders involve the ways in which muscles and nerves communicate. These conditions often involve disruptions to the neuromuscular junction (the spot where signals travel between nerves and muscles), problems with the anterior horn cells in the spinal cord (the motor neurons) or problems with the muscles and nerves themselves. Many neuromuscular disorders are genetic (passed from parent to child) for example Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) & Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) while others are caused by autoimmune conditions (when the body’s immune system attacks itself) such as myasthenia gravis and Guillain-Barre syndrome.

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the body’s nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord. It controls most functions of the body and mind. An infection of the central nervous system can be a life-threatening condition, especially for children with weakened immune systems. These infections need quick diagnosis and immediate treatment by an infectious disease specialist. Bacteria, fungi and viruses are the most common causes of CNS infections. Central nervous system infections caused by bacteria or fungi can cause illnesses such as:
• Brain abscesses. This is a collection of pus and infected tissue within the brain.
• Bacterial meningitis. This happens when bacterial infections enter the bloodstream and travel to the brain and spinal cord.

If your child is not meeting his or her developmental milestones, such as crawling, walking or talking, he or she may have a developmental delay. These delays are ongoing and can affect only one or multiple areas of your child’s development, such as speech and motor skills. While many babies may be slower to start walking or talking, it is only a developmental delay if the delay continues for months after missing the milestone. Many things can cause developmental delay, including genetic conditions, environment and trauma. Typically these delays can be addressed with specialized treatment.
Signs of developmental delay vary by age but can include: